The sociologist Gabriel Tarde commented that "Pornography and slander have become the life-blood of the newspaper." French readers were treated to a daily diet of rumour, speculation and character assassination presented as "echos" and "faits divers". "The liberalisation of the law of defamation had a less positive effect, enabling an upsurge in personal innuendo and vague allegations. By 1914, a total of 309 daily newspapers were being published in France, with four of those dailies - Le Petit Journal, Le Petit Parisien, Le Journal and Le Matin - selling a million copies every day. The citizens of Paris found their choice of newspapers expanding from 23 in 1881 to 60 by 1899. In 1882, 3,800 periodical publications were published in France a decade later, aided by the freedoms granted in 1881, that figure had expanded to 6,000. "The passage of the law had an immediate effect, promoting a rapid expansion in the size and range of the French mass media. With various amendments, the law remained in force in the early years of the 21st century. While protecting freedom of the press, the law also imposed legal obligations on publishers and criminalized certain "press offences", particularly concerning defamation. Often regarded as the fundamental legal statement on freedom of the press and freedom of speech in France, the law was inspired by Article 11 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 26 August 1789. It provided a legal framework for publications and regulated the display of advertisements on public roads. This law defined the freedoms and responsibilities of publishers in France. On Jthe Frence government passed the Law on the Freedom of the Press 29 July 1881 ( Loi sur la liberté de la presse du 29 juillet 1881), often called the Press Law of 1881 or the Lisbonne Law after its rapporteur, Eugène Lisbonne).
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